| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| c. 1600 | The Yoruba develop an extensive empire centred on Oyo in southern Nigeria Go to Yoruba inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' Go to magnetic pole inA Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A performance in the Oratory in Rome, with music by Emilio de' Cavalieri, is in effect the first oratorio Go to oratorio noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Britain's East India Company is established when Elizabeth I grants a charter to a 'Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies' Go to East Flanders inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert Go to Gilbert, William (1540–1613) inA Dictionary of Earth Sciences (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1601 | Shakespeare's central character in Hamlet expresses both the ideals of the Renaissance and the disillusion of a less confident age Go to Hamlet [Shakes.] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1602 | The Dutch East India Company is founded, with a tax-free monopoly of the eastern trade for twenty-one years Go to Dutch East India Company inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1603 | Geneva wins independence from the duchy of Savoy, in the treaty of St Julien, after repelling a midnight assault on the city Go to Savoy inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The warlord Tokugawa Ieyasu is awarded the title of shogun, beginning nearly three centuries of the Tokugawa shogunate Go to Tokugawa inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: James VI of Scotland inherits peacefully the crown of his English cousin Elizabeth, and becomes James I of England Go to James VI (1566–1625) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The accession of James I and VI to the throne of England brings the union of the crowns of England and Scotland Go to James VI (1566–1625) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1604 | The British king James I launches a blistering attack on the smoking of tobacco, which he considers a loathsome custom Go to James VI (1566–1625) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The first false Dmitry marches into Russia with a Polish army to claim the throne Go to Godunov, Boris inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Annibale Carracci completes an influential ceiling fresco in the Farnese palace in Rome Go to Carracci, Annibale (1560–1609) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: James I commissions the Authorized version of the Bible, which is completed by forty-seven scholars in seven years Go to Durgāpur (West Bengal/India) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Shakespeare's name appears among the actors in a list of the King's Men Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1605 | Ben Jonson writes The Masque of Blackness, the first of his many masques for the court of James I Go to masque inThe Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: On the death of Akbar, his son Jahangir succeeds to the Mughal throne Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes publishes the first part of his satirically romantic novel Don Quixote Go to Quixote, Don inThe Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Gunpowder Plot, attempting murder and treason, severely damages the Catholic cause in Britain Go to Gunpowder plot (1605) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1606 | The satirical voice of the English playwright Ben Jonson is heard to powerful effect in Volpone Go to Volpone [Lit.] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1607 | Claudio Monteverdi presents Orfeo, the first opera to win a lasting place in the international repertory Go to Monteverdi, Claudio (1567–1643) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnel sail from Ireland with their families, in the event known as the Flight of the Earls Go to Flight of the Earls (1607) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Colonists establish the first lasting British settlement in the new world, at Jamestown Go to Jamestown inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Jamestown settlers meet an unfriendly reception from the local Powhatan Indians, having to use their muskets to beat off an attack within two weeks of their arrival Go to Jamestown inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) |
| 1608 | The Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens completes an altarpiece in Rome which is an early masterpiece of the baroque Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A lucky accident reveals the principle of the telescope to a spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey. In the Dutch town of Middelburg Go to Lippershey, Hans (c.1570–1619) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A second false Dmitry marches on Moscow, to be followed by a third in 1612 Go to pretender noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Quebec is founded by Samuel de Champlain as a centre for the French fur trade Go to Québec inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Rubens returns from Italy to Antwerp, where he soon establishes Europe's most successful and prolific studio Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A shipload of Puritans, among them some of the future Pilgrim Fathers, sail from Boston in Lincolnshire to seek religious freedom in Holland Go to puritan inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Smith claims (many years later) that when captured by Indians he was saved from execution by Pocahontas, daughter of the chief Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1609 | Henry Hudson reaches the inlet of New York Bay and explores the river now known by his name Go to Hudson, Henry (d.1611) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits Go to Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) inThe Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Galileo improves on the Dutch telescope (and doubles his salary by presenting one to his employer) Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia Go to Hagia Sofia inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: A law is passed expelling the Moriscos from Spain, with the result that some 300,000 are shipped to north Africa Go to Moriscos inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Castaways from an English vessel reach Bermuda, which becomes the first British island in the new world Go to Bermuda inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: News sheets published in Augsburg and Strasbourg become the first known newspapers Shakespeare's sonnets, written ten years previously, are published Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1610 | A flintlock designed in France (possibly by Marin Le Bourgeoys) becomes the standard firing mechanism for muskets Go to flintlock noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Henry IV is assassinated in a Paris street by a Roman Catholic, François Ravaillac Go to Henry IV inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: After the assassination of Henry IV, his wife Marie de Médicis becomes regent for the 9-year-old Louis XIII Go to Marie de Médicis (1573–1642) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The first documented Caesarean section in which the mother survives Go to caesarean section noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1611 | Henry Hudson, after wintering in Hudson Bay, is set adrift in an open boat by his mutinous crew Go to Hudson, Henry (d.1611) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Shakespeare's last completed play, The Tempest, is performed Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1612 | The establishment of a Baptist church in London is a defining moment for the Baptist sect within Christianity Go to Baptist inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1613 | Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Michael Romanov is elected tsar, beginning a new dynasty on the Russian throne Go to Romanov inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Globe catches fire during a performance of Shakespeare's last play, Henry VIII Go to Globe Theatre inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The British East India establishes a 'factory' (a secure warehouse for the storing of Indian goods) at Surat, on the west coast Go to East Flanders inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The American Indian princess Pocahontas is taken hostage by Jamestown colonists in the first Anglo-Powhatan war Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1614 | An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism Go to Jesuits inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Pocahontas is baptized a Christian and marries John Rolfe, one of the Jamestown colonists Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1615 | Sir Thomas Roe, the first British ambassador to India, arrives at the court of the Mughal emperor Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Mughal school of painting reaches a peak of perfection in the reign of Jahangir Go to Jahangir (1569–1627) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1616 | Richelieu begins his public career, becoming a secretary of state to Marie de Médicis Go to Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis (1585–1642) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Pocahontas fascinates Londoners when she arrives with her husband to publicize Jamestown Go to Pocahontas (c. 1595–1617) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Smith publishes A Description of New England, an account of his exploration of the region in 1614 Go to Smith, John (1580–1631) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Shakespeare dies at New Place, his home in Stratford-upon-Avon, and is buried in Holy Trinity Church Go to Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1617 | The treaty of Stolbova brings into Swedish hands the coast round the Gulf of Finland, ending Russian access to the Baltic Go to Finland, Gulf of inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Albrecht von Wallenstein uses his wife's fortune to mobilize a private army in support of the emperor Ferdinand II Go to Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von (1583–1634) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1618 | Bohemian nobles throw the Habsburg regents out of a window in the castle in Prague, thus triggering the Thirty Years' War Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Teatro Farnese in Parma is the first to have a proscenium arch, framing perspective scenery painted on flat wings Go to proscenium arch noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The 19-year-old Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck is employed by Rubens in Antwerp as his chief assistant Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1619 | The Protestant Frederick V (elector palatine of the Rhine) is elected king by the rebellious Bohemian nobles Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Jan Pieterszoon Coen destroys the town of Jakarta, on the coast of Java, and rebuilds it as a Dutch trading centre under the name Batavia Go to Jakarta (Java/Indonesia) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1620 | The Dutch painter Frans Hals displays exceptional brilliance in his group portraits, including several of the civic guards of Haarlem Go to Hals, Frans inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The battle of the White Mountain, to the west of Prague, ends the brief reign of Frederick V in Bohemia Go to Frederick V (1596–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Delft becomes the centre for tin-glazed earthenware in northern Europe, specializing in the blue-and-white Chinese style See this event in other timelines: In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science Go to Bacon, Francis (1561–1626) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Bradford begins a journal of the Pilgrims' experience in New England, subsequently published (in 1856) as History of Plymouth Plantation Go to Plimmoth Plantation, History of inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1620 September 16 | The Pilgrims (or Pilgrim Fathers), a group of 102 English settlers, sail in the Mayflower to the new world Go to Pilgrims inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1620 November 1121 | Ten days after their first landfall, at Cape Cod, the adult males on the Mayflower agree a form of government for their new colony Go to Pilgrims inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1620 December 26 | The Pilgrims on the Mayflower select a place for their settlement, and give it the name of Plymouth, their port of departure in England Go to Pilgrims inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1621 autumn | The Mayflower settlers in Plymouth offer thanksgiving for their first harvest, eating turkeys in a celebration shared by local Indians Go to Pilgrims inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1621 | The first English newspaper (Corante) appears, promising reports 'from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine and France' Go to coranto inThe Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Bradford, one of the Pilgrims from the Mayflower, is elected governor of the new Plymouth Colony Go to Bradford, William (1590–1657) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch West India Company is chartered to trade and found colonies anywhere along the entire American coast Go to Dutch West India Company inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Donne, England's leading Metaphysical poet, becomes dean of St Paul's Go to Donne, John (c.1572–1631) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1622 | A sudden attack by Powhatan Indians, led by their chieftain Opechancanough against the English colony at Jamestown, results in the death of more than 300 settlers Go to Powhatan Indians inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Bernini's youthful Pluto and Proserpina, suggesting soft flesh in cold marble, introduces the lively tradition of baroque sculpture Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Flemish painter Anthony van Dyck begins a five-year stay, and a successful career as a portrait painter, in Genoa Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1623 | The English settlers in Virginia arrange a peace conference with the Powhatan Indians, using it as an opportunity to murder the Powhatan delegates Go to Powhatan Indians inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Heminge and Henry Condell publish thirty-six Shakespeare plays in the First Folio Go to Folio, the First inA Dictionary of Shakespeare (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Diego Velazquez becomes court painter to the king of Spain - a post which he will hold for the remaining thirty-seven years of his life |
| 1624 | The Japanese are forbidden to leave their country, or foreigners to enter, at the start of more than two centuries of almost total isolation Go to Japan inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Nicolas Poussin arrives in Rome, where he develops the tradition of French classicism Go to Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1625 | Gustavus II, king of Sweden, conscripts and trains an army far more mobile than those of his rivals Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Ordnance factories in Sweden begin producing light but powerful field artillery, easy to move on the battlefield Go to ordnance inA Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Rubens completes a great narrative sequence of twenty-one paintings to celebrate the achievements of Marie de Médicis Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Three brothers among the Dahomey people establish a long-lasting kingdom in the Bight of Benin Go to Dahomey inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas) Go to Molucca Islands inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: On the death of his father, James VI and I, Charles I becomes king of England and Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The English parliament attempts to clip the wings of the new king, Charles I, by placing an annual limit on his power to raise taxes Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1626 | Peter Minuit purchases the island of Manhattan from local Indians and calls the place New Amsterdam Go to Minuit, Peter inNew Oxford American Dictionary (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I frustrates the English parliament's restrictions by raising taxes without summoning parliament for renewed approval Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1627 | A British colony is founded in Barbados and within fifteen years has 18,000 settlers Go to Barbados (West Indies) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Claude Lorrain, basing himself like Poussin in Rome, paints classical landscapes suffused in light Go to Claude Lorrain (c.1604–82) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1628 | William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood Go to Harvey, William (1578–1657) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny Go to Petition of Right (1628) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn develops a life-long interest in self-portraiture Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1629 | After years of warfare, the truce of Altmark gives Estonia and most of Latvia to Sweden Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini is given the task of adding the drama of baroque to the newly completed St Peter's in Rome Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I dismisses his parliament in Westminster, and fails to summon another in the following eleven years Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1630 | Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America Go to Guiana inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Winthrop, appointed governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Company, sails from England with 700 settlers Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Winthrop selects the site of Boston for the first Massachusetts settlement Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Winthrop, arriving in Massachusetts, begins the journal that is eventually published as The History Of New England Go to Winthrop, John (1588–1649) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1631 | Gustavus II and the Swedish army win a conclusive victory over the imperial forces at Breitenfeld Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Rembrandt moves from his home town of Leiden to set up a studio in Amsterdam Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1632 | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Shah Jahan orders that all recently built Hindu temples shall be destroyed, ending the Mughal tradition of religious tolerance Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Swedish army wins another convincing victory at Lützen, but Gustavus II dies leading a cavalry charge Go to Gustavus II (Adolphus) (1594–1632) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Maryland is granted to Lord Baltimore as a haven for English Roman Catholics Go to Baltimore, George Calvert, 1st Lord (c. 1580–1632) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Van Dyck moves to London and becomes portrait painter to the British court and aristocracy Go to Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Shah Jahan begins building the Taj Mahal as a memorial for his wife, Mumtaz Mahal Go to Taj Mahal inThe Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1633 | Williamsburg, first known as Middle Plantation, is founded in Virginia Go to Williamsburg inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The four years of tulip mania in Holland provide the first example of speculative frenzy in a capitalist market See this event in other timelines: George Herbert's only volume of poems, The Temple, is published posthumously Go to Herbert, George (1593–1633) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1634 | A Passion play is performed for the first time at Oberammergau, in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation Go to Passion play noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I demands ship money to increase his revenue, albeit in the absence of its conventional justification - a crisis of national defence Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Francesco Borromini begins work on his intricate baroque masterpiece, the Monastery of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1634-43), in Rome See this event in other timelines: Rembrandt marries Saskia van Uylenburgh, who will feature in many of his paintings Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1635 | Charles I establishes Britain's Royal Mail, employing Thomas Witherings to set it up Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1636 | North America's first university is founded at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and soon receives a large bequest from John Harvard Go to Harvard University inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Rhode Island is founded by Roger Williams as a colony based on the principle of religious tolerance Go to Williams, Roger (c. 1603–83) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: A painted ceiling by Rubens, celebrating the Stuart dynasty, is installed in the Banqueting House in Whitehall Go to Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640) [Art] inThe Oxford Dictionary of Reference and Allusion (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Hampden refuses to pay ship money to Charles I, beginning a campaign that gradually wins wide support Go to Hampden, John (1594–1643) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1637 | The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice Go to Venice (Italy, USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Pierre Corneille's play Le Cid, popular with Paris audiences, hinges on the conflict between duty and love Go to Corneille, Pierre inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Milton's Lycidas is published in memory of a Cambridge friend, Edward King Go to Milton, John (1608–74) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut Go to Pequot War (1636–1637) inThe Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1638 | The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa Go to Senegal River inEncyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland Go to Covenanters inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics Go to Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1639 | Richard Fairbanks, given responsibility for delivering mail in Massachusetts, is allowed to charge a penny per letter Go to Massachusetts (USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The finances of the English king, Charles I, are in crisis, with his agents able to collect each year only a fraction of his demands Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War Go to Covenanters inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1640 | The Dutch artist Gerrit Dou paints with exquisite precision and becomes leader of a group known as the 'fine painters' Go to Dou, Gerrit (1613–75) inThe Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament denies Charles I's request for funds and is dismissed after three weeks (the Short Parliament) Go to Short Parliament (May 1640) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The first book published in England's American colonies is Bay Psalm Book, a revised translation of the psalms Go to Bay Psalm Book inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I's financial crisis causes him to summon another parliament to Westminster (the Long Parliament, not dissolved until 1660) Go to Long Parliament (1640–60) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The new parliament immediately impeaches Charles I's two closest advisers, the earl of Strafford and archbishop William Laud Go to Long Parliament (1640–60) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1641 | Cavalier is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of the royal cause Go to cavalier inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Roundhead is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of parliament Go to Roundhead noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Under pressure from parliament, Charles I signs the death warrant of his most powerful supporter, the earl of Strafford Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The profusion of paintings on sale in Holland astonishes an English visitor, John Evelyn Go to Evelyn, John (1620–1706) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca Go to Malacca inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against his conduct of the realm Go to Grand Remonstrance (1641) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1642 | Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason Go to five members (1642) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels Go to Henrietta Maria inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support Go to Dalai Lama noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Briare canal, joining the Seine to the Loire, has a staircase of six consecutive locks Go to lock inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Abel Tasman makes landfall in the Macquarie Harbour area in the island now known after him, Tasmania Go to Tasman, Abel (1603–c. 1659) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament sends Charles I a list of political demands, the Nineteen Propositions, which it would be impossible for him to accept Go to Nineteen Propositions inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster (to Turnham Green), but withdraws without engaging the enemy Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman attempts to land in Golden Bay, New Zealand, resulting in a clash with the Maoris Go to Maori inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1643 | Louis XIV inherits the throne of France at the age of four Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Mazarin becomes principal minister in France, selected by the queen regent on the death of Louis XIII Go to Mazarin, Jules (1602–61) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Abel Tasman reaches yet more islands previously unknown to Europeans – Tonga and Fiji Go to Tasman, Abel (1603–c. 1659) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer Go to Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Prince de Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne emerge as brilliant generals in France's wars Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1644 | The British East India Company completes the construction of Fort St George in Madras Go to East Flanders inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Powhatan leader Opechancanough launches another surprise attack on the Virginia settlements, killing about 500 colonists Go to Powhatan Indians inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The last Ming emperor hangs himself, and China acquires a new and final dynasty - the Qing Go to Qing inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum Go to Descartes, René (1596–1650) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1645 | Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army Go to New Model Army inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight Go to Cuyp family inThe Oxford Companion to Western Art (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1646 | The aged Powhatan leader Opechancanough is captured by the English and executed, ending the last significant Indian threat to Virginia Go to Powhatan Indians inThe Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north Go to English Civil War (1642–49) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude Go to Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire Go to Maratha inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1647 | The Swiss cantons agree on joint action to defend their external borders, in the pact known as the Defensionale of Wyl The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I comes to a secret arrangement with a group of Covenanters in Scotland, winning their support Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1648 | Scottish Covenanters invade England in support of the English king, Charles I, in his struggle against parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia Go to Cossack inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Iroquois raids drive the Huron west to the Great Lakes Go to Iroquois Confederacy inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A rebellion of nobles against Mazarin, the principal minister of the young Louis XIV, becomes known as the Fronde Go to Fronde (1648–53) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases Go to Helmont, Jan Baptista van (1579–1644) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Peace of Westphalia finally brings to an end the Thirty Years' War Go to Thirty Years' War (1618–48) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands Go to United Provinces of the Netherlands inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies Go to Pride's Purge inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1649 | Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall Go to Charles I (1600–49) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I Go to Charles II (1630–85) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament in London abolishes the monarchy in England, as 'unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous' Go to Rump Parliament inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament chooses Oliver Cromwell to chair the new English Commonwealth's council of state Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Rembrandt creates an etching so desirable that it becomes known as the Hundred Guilder Print Go to Rembrandt (1606–69) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Milton becomes Latin secretary in Cromwell's council of state Go to Milton, John (1608–74) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast Go to Siberia (Russia) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Cromwell captures the royalist stronghold of Drogheda and massacres some 2800 people Go to Drogheda inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1650 | The pleasure districts of Edo and Kyoto provide the delights of ukiyo-e, the 'floating world' Go to Ukiyo-e inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Descartes catches a fatal chill, returning home in midwinter from pre-dawn instruction of Queen Christina of Sweden Go to Descartes, René (1596–1650) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Hindu princes and brahmin priests withdraw from Java to Bali, turning the island into the last outpost of Hinduism in southeast Asia Go to Bali inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Japan's popular theatre, kabuki, develops as a form of café entertainment Go to kabuki noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC Go to Ussher, James (1581–1656) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: To protect their market, the Dutch destroy all clove trees in the Moluccas except on two islands, Amboina and Ternate Go to Molucca Islands inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A German burgomaster, Otto von Guericke, devises an air pump capable of creating a vacuum Go to Guericke, Otto von (1602–1686) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dalai Lama declares that his teacher is also an incarnation of a future Buddha, and that he is to be known as Panchen Go to Panchen Lama inThe Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The poems of Massachusetts author Anne Bradstreet are published in London under the title The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America Go to Bradstreet, Anne (c.1612–1672) inThe Oxford Companion to English Literature (7 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1651 | Charles II returns to Scotland and is crowned king of Scots in the traditional manner at Scone Go to Charles II (1630–85) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament in England passes the first of several Navigation Acts designed to reserve international trade for English ships Go to Navigation Acts inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II is defeated by Cromwell at Worcester and escapes in disguise to France Go to Charles II (1630–85) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1652 | Nikon becomes patriarch of all Russia and introduces reforms which cause the Old Believers to form a breakaway sect Go to Nikon (1605–81) inThe Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Scotland and England are merged under English parliamentary rule, in a forced union which lasts eight years Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope Go to Riebeeck, Jan van (1610–77) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A clash at sea between English and Dutch fleets begins the first of three Anglo-Dutch wars Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The first coffee house opens In London and Londoners soon find such places useful to meet in and do business Go to coffee houses inThe Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Turenne defeats Condé in a battle in the Paris suburbs, hastening the decline of the Fronde Go to Fronde (1648–53) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1653 | Cromwell uses troops to turn the members out of the House of Commons and locks the door behind them Go to Rump Parliament inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The 14-year-old Louis XIV dances in a court ballet as Apollo, wearing a glorious sun costume, and finds that he likes the role Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Cromwell is appointed Lord Protector of the Commonwealth for life, under legislation entitled the Instrument of Government Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Jan Vermeer marries and begins a quiet career as a painter and art dealer in his home town of Delft Go to Vermeer, Jan (1632–75) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The English admiral Robert Blake introduces a system of signalling at sea by means of flags Go to Blake, Robert (1599–1657) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Bunyan joins a Nonconformist church in Bedford and becomes one of their preachers Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Devoted fisherman Izaak Walton publishes the classic work on the subject, The Compleat Angler Go to Walton, Izaak (1593–1683) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1654 | Queen Christina, a secret convert to Catholicism, abdicates in Sweden and travels to Rome Go to Christina (1626–89) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum Go to Guericke, Otto von (1602–1686) inA Dictionary of Scientists (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1655 | The painter Pieter de Hooch is a friendly guide through the welcoming spaces of the seventeenth-century Dutch courtyard and home Go to Hooch, Pieter de (20 Dec. 1629) inThe Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists (4 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Diego Velazquez paints his only surviving female nude, The Toilet of Venus (known as the Rokeby Venus) Go to Velázquez, Diego Rodriguez de Silva y (1599–1660) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers Go to quakers inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies Go to Jamaica (and Cuba, USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1656 | Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: After a six-month siege, the Dutch capture Colombo from the Portuguese in Sri Lanka Go to Colombo inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock, on Christmas Day in the Hague Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Velazquez, in Las Meninas, paints himself painting the king and queen of Spain |
| 1657 | The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work Go to Dutch East India Company inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Andrew Marvell works as assistant Latin secretary to Milton in Cromwell's department for foreign affairs Go to Marvell, Andrew (1621–78) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1658 | For the final years of his life Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort Go to Shah Jahan (1592–1666) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliamentary reprisals against the rebellious Irish result in two thirds of Ireland's land being owned by the English or the Scots Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Cromwell dies after naming his son Richard to succeed him in the office of Lord Protector Go to Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Prince Rupert of the Rhine pioneers mezzotint, the first half-tone technique in printing Go to mezzotint inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Dutch expel the Portuguese from the last of their trading posts in Sri Lanka Go to Sri Lanka inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1659 | The ineffective Richard Cromwell goes into voluntary retirement, an event linked to the strong possibility of a military coup Go to Cromwell, Richard (1626–1712) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1660 | General George Monck marches south from Scotland to London, to intervene in England's unresolved political crisis Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: On the first day of the new year Samuel Pepys gets up late, eats the remains of the turkey and begins his diary Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Monck, reaching London, dissolves the Long Parliament and convenes a new one Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Monck persuades Charles II to sign, at Breda in Holland, a declaration of policies to heal the wounds of the Civil War Go to Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–70) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The new Convention Parliament in Westminster invites Charles II to return as king Go to Convention Parliaments inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II lands at Dover and is given a warm welcome in London four days later Go to Charles II (1630–85) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The berlin, developed in Berlin, becomes the most successful carriage of the seventeenth century Go to Berlin inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America Go to New France inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Sweden wins the province of Skåne from Denmark, thus acquiring an unbroken stretch of Baltic coastline from Göteborg to Riga Go to Roskilde, Treaty of (1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Act of Indemnity, pardoning all offences since 1637 except those of the regicides, is given the royal assent Go to Indemnity and Oblivion, Act of (1660) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1661 | John Bunyan is convicted of unlicensed preaching and spends the next eleven years in Bedford Gaol Go to Bunyan, John (1628–88) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The body of Oliver Cromwell is hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn Go to Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Cavalier Parliament begins to pass a series of acts, known as the Clarendon Code, containing punitive measures against Presbyterians Go to Clarendon code inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Italian doctor Marcello Malpighi discovers the capillaries, thus completing the evidence for the circulation of the blood Go to Malpighi, Marcello inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The British establish Fort James on an island in the Gambia river Go to Gambia River inEncyclopedia of Africa (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A banker in Sweden, Johan Palmstruch, issues Europe's first paper currency, on behalf of the Stockholm Banco Go to Sweden (and USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Louis XIV establishes a royal dancing academy and soon follows it with a music academy Go to Louis XIV (1638–1715) inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1662 | British chemist Robert Boyle defines the inverse relationship between pressure and volume in any gas (subsequently known as Boyle's Law) Go to Boyle, Robert (1627–92) inThe Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Jean-Baptiste Colbert buys the Gobelin family workshops in Paris and transforms them into a royal factory for Louis XIV Go to Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619–83) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Act of Uniformity demands that Anglican clergy accept all the Thirty-Nine Articles, costing many their livings Go to Uniformity, Act of (1662) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: An academy of English scientists is given a royal charter by Charles II and becomes the Royal Society Go to Royal Society inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1664 | Colbert founds East India and West India companies to ensure a supply of raw materials for France's factories Go to Colbert, Jean Baptiste (1619–83) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Louis XIV commissions a well-established team of designers to provide him with a spectacular palace and garden at Versailles Go to Versailles inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Conventicle Act restricts worship in England to Anglican churches if more than a few people are present Go to Clarendon code inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Peter Stuyvesant accepts the reality of the military situation and yields New Amsterdam to the British without a shot being fired Go to Stuyvesant, Peter (1610–72) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1665 | The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, at the Royal Society in London, proves that the idea is feasible Go to Royal Society inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Five Mile Act prevents Nonconformist ministers in England from coming closer than five miles to any town where they have ministered Go to Clarendon code inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Great Plague of London causes as many as 7000 deaths in a week and perhaps a total of 100,000 by the end of the year Go to Great Plague (1664–65) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A new Danish constitution (the Kongeloven or King's Law) makes the monarchy hereditary and grants the king absolute power Go to Lex Regia/Kongeloven inThe Oxford Companion to the Book (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Isaac Newton spends a creative period in Lincolnshire, at home in Woolsthorpe Manor, apples or no apples Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1666 | New Amsterdam is renamed New York by the recently established English regime Go to New York (USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Great Fire of London rages for four days, destroying 13,200 houses and 81 churches Go to London, fire of (1666) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1667 | Michiel de Ruyter sails up the Thames to destroy much of the English fleet at its base in the Medway Go to Ruyter, Michiel Adrianszoon de (1607–76) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The first successful human blood transfusion is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, apparently saving the life of a 15-year-old boy Go to transfusion inConcise Medical Dictionary (8 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Bernini's great curving colonnade is completed, to form the piazza in front of St Peter's Go to Bernini, Gian Lorenzo (1598–1680) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: French dramatist Jean Racine's first great success, Andromaque, finds tragic drama in a quadrangle of love Go to Racine, Jean inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Paradise Lost is published, earning its author John Milton just £10 Go to Paradise Lost inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Wood-carver Grinling Gibbons arrives from Holland to begin an immensely successful career in England Go to Gibbons, Grinling (1648–1721) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: In the treaty of Breda, England keeps New Amsterdam and New Netherland, and Holland keeps the English-held territory of Surinam Go to Anglo‐Dutch Wars inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1668 | The Jesuits establish a mission at Sault Sainte Marie which becomes the starting point for French exploration south of the Great Lakes Go to Sault Sainte Marie (Canada, USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: England's East India Company is granted a lease on Bombay by Charles II, who has received it from his Portuguese bride Go to Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Spain finally accepts the independence of the kingdom of Portugal, after nearly a century of Spanish rule Go to Portugal inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Bank of Sweden is founded, and survives today as the world's oldest bank Go to Sweden (and USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1669 | The duke of York, heir to the English and Scottish thrones, is secretly received into the Roman Catholic church Go to James II (1633–1701) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Robert de La Salle makes his first exploration of the Ohio valley, providing the basis for France's later claim to the area Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) inThe Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Samuel Pepys ends his diary, after only writing it for nine years Go to Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1670 | The Dutch develop a new pattern of middle-class urban life and architecture, later copied in England Go to United Provinces of the Netherlands inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Members of the Sakaida Kakiemon family are producing exquisitely decorated porcelain ware in Japan |
| 1672 | Giovanni Domenico Cassini, working in the Paris royal observatory, calculates the distance from the earth to the sun and is only 7% out Go to Cassini, Giovanni Domenico (1625–1712) inA Dictionary of Astronomy (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II issues a Declaration of Indulgence, suspending the restrictions on Catholics and Nonconformists Go to Declarations of Indulgence inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Isaac Newton's experiments with the prism demonstrate the link between wavelength and colour in light Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1673 | The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb begins building the great Badshahi Mosque in Lahore Go to Aurangzeb Sixth emperor of Mughal India (1658–1707) inThe Oxford Dictionary of Islam (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Molière falls fatally ill when acting in his own play Le Malade Imaginaire Go to Molière (1622–73) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Sébastien de Vauban's new technique for conducting the siege of a town shows its effectiveness at Maastricht Go to Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de (1633–1707) inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Parliament in England passes a Test Act excluding Catholics and Nonconformists from public office Go to Test Act inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1674 | The Dutch scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek builds a microscope powerful enough for him to observe and describe the red corpuscles in blood See this event in other timelines: Samuel Sewall begins a diary of daily life in Boston, Massachusetts, that will span a period of more than fifty years Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) inThe Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1675 | Dutch traders purchase Kakiemon wares in Japan for import to the Netherlands Go to Kakiemon inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Christiaan Huygens, inventor of the pendulum clock, now develops the hairspring - of great future importance in watches Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The double-hung sash window is introduced in England and soon spreads to Holland Go to double-hung sashes inA Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A sudden uprising by the Wampanoag Indians against the new England settlements begins the conflict known as King Philip's War Go to King Philip's War (1675–76) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1676 | Ole Roemer, a Danish astronomer working with Cassini in Paris, calculates the speed of light with an error of only 25% |
| 1677 | With his powerful new microscope Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa in the sem*n of a dog See this event in other timelines: Baruch Spinoza's Ethics, dealing with God, the mind and the emotions, is published shortly after his death Go to Spinoza, Benedictus de (1632–77) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1678 | The Popish Plot, an invented Jesuit conspiracy to kill Charles II, results in the execution of about thirty-five Roman Catholics Go to Popish Plot (1678) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Part I of The Pilgrim's Progress, written during John Bunyan's two spells in Bedford Gaol, is published and is immediately popular Go to Pilgrim's Progress inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Christiaan Huygens expounds the theory that light consists of a vibration forming a ripple of waves Go to Huygens, Christiaan (1629–95) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1679 | The rival political parties in Britain find abusive names for each other - Whigs and Tories Go to Tory inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 19-year-old Alessandro Scarlatti has a great success in Rome with Gli Equivoci nel Sembiante, the first of his 115 operas |
| c. 1680 | The English clockmaker Thomas Tompion is the first to make successful use of the hairspring in pocket watches Go to Tompion, Thomas inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Feudal labour laws demanding corvée (compulsory unpaid labour) are imposed by the Habsburgs on the Czech peasants of Bohemia Go to Bohemia inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Louis XIV persecutes the Huguenots by means of dragonnades - the billetting of unruly dragoons in the homes of villagers Go to Dragonnades inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Pueblo Indians of New Mexico rise against the Spanish, killing 21 missionaries and some 400 colonists Go to Pueblo Revolt inThe Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Ireland becomes the first European region in which the potato is an important food crop Go to Ireland inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A comet intrigues Edmund Halley, who works out that it has been around before Go to Halley, Edmund (1656–1742) inA Dictionary of Physics (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1681 | The Canal du Midi is completed in France, including at one point a 160-metre tunnel through high ground Go to Rivers, Canals, and Inland Waterways inThe Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A professional ballet company in Paris introduces female dancers and the world's first prima ballerina, Mlle de Lafontaine Go to Lafontaine, Mlle de (1655) inThe Oxford Dictionary of Dance (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II grants William Penn the charter for the region that becomes Pennsylvania, in settlement of a debt to Penn's father Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1682 | Robert de la Salle travels down the Mississippi to its mouth and claims the entire region for France, naming it Louisiana Go to La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de (1643–87) inThe Oxford Companion to American Literature (6 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Penn approves the Great Law, allowing complete freedom of religious belief in Pennsylvania Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William Penn achieves peace for Pennsylvania by negotiating a treaty with the local Lenape (or Delaware) tribes Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1683 | The emperor, Leopold I, and his court abandon Vienna on the approach of a Turkish army Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) inThe Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Mennonites and other from Germany (later known as the Pennsylvania Dutch) begin to settle in Penn's liberal colony Go to Penn, William (1644–1718) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Qing emperor orders all Chinese men to shave their heads, leaving only a long pigtail Go to Qing inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Turks are driven from the walls of Vienna by the Polish king John Sobieski, in what proves a historic turning point Go to John III (1624–96) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1685 | James II succeeds to the throne in Britain and immediately introduces pro-Catholic policies Go to James II (1633–1701) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Denis Papin, a French scientist working in England, demonstrates a pressure cooker fitted with a safety valve Go to Pressure Cookers inThe Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: 400,000 Huguenots leave France after Louis XIV deprives them of their rights by revoking the Edict of Nantes Go to Nantes, Edict of (1598) inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (2 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1686 | English naturalist John Ray begins publication of his Historia Plantarum, classifying some 18,600 plants in 'mutual fertility' species Go to Ray, John (1607–1705) inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1687 | Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, proving gravity to be a constant in all physical systems Go to Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Hungarian diet grants the Habsburg dynasty in Austria a hereditary right to the crown of St Stephen Go to Leopold I (1640–1705) inThe Oxford Companion to German Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1688 | A son (the future 'Old Pretender') is born to James II, giving Britain a Catholic heir to the throne Go to James II (1633–1701) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Aphra Behn's novel Oroonoko makes an early protest against the inhumanity of the African slave trade Go to Behn, Mrs Afra (1640–89) inThe Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Sébastien de Vauban's socket bayonet is introduced in the French army Go to Vauban, Sébastien Le Prestre, seigneur de (1633–1707) inThe New Oxford Companion to Literature in French (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: English grandees invite William III of Orange and his wife Mary, daughter of James II, to claim the British throne Go to William III (1650–1702) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: William III of Orange lands with an army at Torbay and marches to London with almost no opposition from supporters of James II Go to William III (1650–1702) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1689 | Parliament in Westminster makes the restrictive Bill of Rights the condition on which William III and Mary II are crowned Go to Bill of Rights (1689) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: James II, landing in Ireland, is acclaimed as king in Dublin by enthusiastic Irish Catholics Go to James II (1633–1701) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: A Grand Alliance against France is formed by almost all the other powers in Europe Go to Grand Alliance inThe Oxford Essential Dictionary of the U.S. Military (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The 17-year-old Peter the Great becomes co-tsar of Russia with his half-brother Ivan V Go to Peter I (1672–1725) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Young gentlewomen in Chelsea give the first performance of Purcell's Dido and Aeneas Go to Purcell, Henry (1659–95) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1690 | France by now has six fortified trading settlements around the coast of India, of which Pondicherry is the most important Go to Pondicherry (India) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The armies of James II and William III confront each at the river Boyne, with victory going to William Go to Boyne, Battle of the (1 July 1690) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Chinoiserie becomes the new craze in Europe, after Jesuit reports of the Chinese civilization Go to chinoiserie inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Art Terms (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The French scientist Denis Papin, while professor of mathematics at Marburg, develops the first steam engine to use a piston Go to Papin, Denis (1647–c.1712) inThe New Oxford Dictionary for Scientific Writers and Editors (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Church of Scotland finally wins recognition as an independent Presbyterian body Go to Presbyterianism noun inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Strong, landing on some remote Atlantic islands, names them after Viscount Falkland, treasurer of the British navy Go to Falkland Islands inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: John Locke publishes his Essay concerning Human Understanding, arguing that all knowledge is based on experience Go to Locke, John (1632–1704) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1692 | Government soldiers, mainly Campbells, massacre their MacDonald hosts in Glencoe Go to Glencoe massacre inThe Oxford Companion to British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: The Massachusetts town of Salem is gripped by witch-hunting hysteria Go to Salem witch trials (1692) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Twenty people convicted of witchcraft are hanged in Salem, and one is pressed to death Go to Salem witch trials (1692) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1693 | Gold is found in Brazil, launching the first great American gold rush Go to Brazil (and USA) inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1694 | The Bank of England is founded and soon becomes the central banker for England's many private banks Go to Bank of England inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: The joint monarch of England, Mary II, dies - leaving her husband, William III, to reign alone Go to William III (1650–1702) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1695 | The first teacher of the virtuoso harpsichordist Domenico Scarlatti is his father, Alessandro Go to Scarlatti, Domenico (1685–1757) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1696 | Peter the Great makes an unexpected raid down the river Don and captures Azov from the Crimean Tatars Go to Peter I (1672–1725) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Fort St William is built by the East India Company in the Ganges delta, and subsequently develops into Calcutta Go to Calcutta inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1697 | The Russian tsar, Peter I, studies western European technology, working as a ship's carpenter in Dutch and English shipyards Go to Peter I (1672–1725) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: In his opera La Caduta de' Decemviri, Alessandro Scarlatti introduces a new form of prelude, later known as the Italian overture, which is an important stage in the development of the symphony Go to Scarlatti, Alessandro (1660–1725) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: In the Treaty of Rijswijk, Spain cedes the western half of Hispaniola to France, which names its new colony Saint-Domingue Go to Haiti inThe Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1698 | A fleet from Oman evicts the Portuguese from Mombasa and Zanzibar Go to Mombasa inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Thomas Savery creates the first practical steam engine, designed to pump water out of mines Go to Savery, Thomas (c. 1650–1715) inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: A maker of harpsichords in Florence, Bartolomeo Cristofori, develops the piano ('soft') and forte ('loud') feature which leads to the piano Go to Cristofori, Bartolomeo (4 May 1655) inThe Oxford Companion to Music (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Scotland makes a disastrous attempt to establish a colony in Darien, on the isthmus of Panama Go to Darien venture inA Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: Peter the Great makes a symbolic gesture of reform in trimming his boyars' beards Go to Peter I (1672–1725) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| 1699 | The tenth Sikh guru, Gobind Rai, commits his people to the five Ks, which become the outward signs of their group identity Go to Five Ks inThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1 rev ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
| c. 1700 | Holland and England are now producing the magnificent ocean-going merchant vessels known as East Indiamen Go to East Indiamen inThe Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Charles II, the childless king of Spain. leaves all his territories to Philip of Anjou, a grandson of the French king, Louis XIV Go to Philip V (1683–1746) inWorld Encyclopedia (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Poland, Russia and Denmark attack Sweden, beginning the 21-year Northern War Go to Great Northern War inOxford Dictionary of English (3 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Peter the Great sets up numerous schools and commercial enterprises to enable Russia to compete in Europe Go to Peter I (1672–1725) inA Dictionary of World History (2 ed.) See this event in other timelines: Boston merchant Samuel Sewall publishes The Selling of Joseph, a very early anti-slavery tract Go to Sewall, Samuel (1652–1730) inThe Oxford Companion to United States History (1 ed.) See this event in other timelines: |
