Figure 4 from Top 10 Challenges in Cancer Immunotherapy. | Semantic Scholar (2024)

This work identifies and critically analyze 360 active trials of cancer vaccines according to delivery vehicle, antigen type, indication, and other metrics, as well as highlight eight globally approved products.

This review describes the current understanding with respect to the use of the antigen repertoire in vaccine platform development and suggests a strategy that combines immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines.

The current understanding of biological barriers that limit the entry of intravascularly administered immunotherapies into the tumors, in vitro techniques developed to investigate the underlying transport processes, and delivery strategies developed to overcome the barriers are summarized.

The most advanced TME-directed therapies, which have either been clinically approved or are currently being evaluated in trials, including immunotherapies, antiangiogenic drugs, and treatments directed against cancer-associated fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix are summarized.

This review focuses on the US Food and Drug Administration regulatory approvals of major CPIs and the evolution of translational advances since their first approval close to a decade ago.

Recent insights into the rationales of incorporating epigenetic therapy into immunotherapy, called epi‐immunotherapy, are discussed, and an update of current clinical trials in both hematological and solid malignancies is focused on.

The current research progress and challenges of selected targeted therapies and immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer are reviewed.

The therapy for middle-stage malignant growth and the top five difficulties, setbacks, and drawbacks of immunotherapy are examined in this audit.

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How recent developments in drug delivery could enable new cancer immunotherapies and improve on existing ones are discussed, and the current delivery obstacles are examined.

Clinical studies are beginning to define these factors as immune profiles that can predict responses to immunotherapy, suggesting that a broader view of cancer immunity is required.

Several recommendations were made, including making better use of clinical data to inform preclinical research, obtaining adequate tissues for biomarker studies, and choosing appropriate clinical trial endpoints to identify promising drug candidates and combinations in nonrandomized early-phase trials.

The concept of the tumor immunity continuum is proposed as a framework for developing rational combination strategies for anticancer immune therapies based on current understanding of tumor and circulating pharmacodynamic correlates of immune modulation.

A number of important and actionable trends in the current IO landscape are discussed: a large number of companies developing agents against the same IO targets; a rapid increase in the number of anti-PD-1/L1 combination studies, many of which are testing the same combinations and following inefficient patterns; and a significant increase in of small, investigator-initiated studies.

A greater understanding of tissue-specific immunoregulation, namely, "tissue- specific immunostats," is called for to make advances in treatments for cancer.

A panel of therapeutic strategies to use, combine and develop to treat hot, altered and cold tumours is provided and the impact of combination therapy on the immune response to convert an immune cold into a hot tumour will be discussed.

The workshop focused on key issues in optimizing models for cancer immunotherapy research, with discussions on the strengths and weaknesses of current models, approaches to improve the predictive value of mouse models, and advances in cancer modeling that are anticipated in the near future.

Several opportunities to improve the efficiency of drug development in oncology, as well as new mechanisms to obtain information about anticancer therapies throughout their life cycle are described, such as innovative functional imaging techniques or the use of real-world clinical data.

A currently accruing phase I/II trial testing a brachyury-targeted antitumor vaccine, TGF-β TRAP/anti-PD-L1 antibody, an IL-15 agonist, and an IDO1 inhibitor in mCRPC is described.

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