States with the Best & Worst Taxpayer ROI (2024)

Tax Day can be a painful reminder of how much we have to invest in federal, state and local governments, though many of us aren’t sure exactly what we get in return. As a result, this creates a disconnect in the minds of taxpayers between the amount of money we need to fork over on Tax Day (April 15 this year) and how much we feel is warranted.

Around 72% of Americans think their current tax rate is too high, according to WalletHub’s Taxpayer Survey. We do know, however, that taxpayer return on investment, or ROI, varies based on where one lives. To determine the states with the best taxpayer ROI, WalletHub contrasted state and local tax collections with the quality of the services residents receive in each of the 50 states. Our data set includes a total of 29 key metrics.

“There can be a tradeoff between how much tax you pay and what you receive in return from the government. Several of the states with the best taxpayer ROI don’t charge any income tax, and residents pay less at tax time while receiving good-quality (though not necessarily the best) government services. At the same time, while people pay more in states that do charge income tax, they may benefit from better infrastructure, education, safety or public health as a result.”

Cassandra Happe, WalletHub Analyst

Table of Contents

Main FindingsIn-Depth Look at the States With the Best Taxpayer ROIBlue States vs. Red StatesDetailed Breakdown by StateAsk the ExpertsMethodology

Main Findings

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State and Local Taxes Paid vs. Spending Received by State

Taxpayer ROI Rank*	State	Total Taxes Paid per Capita Rank**	Overall Government Services Rank
1	New Hampshire	1	6
2	Florida	2	23
3	South Dakota	4	19
4	Missouri	3	35
5	Ohio	8	25
6	Texas	5	36
7	Iowa	26	5
8	Wisconsin	23	10
9	Virginia	29	2
10	Nebraska	22	13
11	Georgia	9	33
12	Kentucky	18	24
13	Rhode Island	28	14
14	Wyoming	30	12
15	Utah	37	3
16	Michigan	16	27
17	Pennsylvania	24	20
18	Alabama	10	38
19	Tennessee	11	39
20	North Carolina	17	31
21	South Carolina	6	44
22	Indiana	34	16
23	Colorado	19	34
24	Maine	36	15
25	Arizona	12	41
26	Idaho	32	22
27	Maryland	39	11
28	Oklahoma	13	43
29	Montana	27	32
30	Kansas	35	29
31	Mississippi	15	47
32	Illinois	40	21
33	Washington	38	26
34	Nevada	21	42
35	Alaska	14	48
36	Minnesota	45	1
37	West Virginia	20	46
38	Louisiana	7	50
39	Connecticut	44	8
40	Oregon	33	40
41	Massachusetts	43	9
42	New Jersey	41	18
43	Vermont	47	7
44	Arkansas	31	45
45	Delaware	46	17
46	North Dakota	49	4
47	New York	42	30
48	New Mexico	25	49
49	Hawaii	48	28
50	California	50	37

Notes:*No. 1 = Best
**“Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.
With the exception of “Taxpayer ROI,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the lowest total taxes paid per capita and the best government services, respectively.

School Systems

Best

1. Massachusetts
2. Connecticut
3. New Jersey
4. Wisconsin
5. Virginia

Worst

46. Alaska
47. West Virginia
48. Arizona
49. Oklahoma
50. New Mexico

Roads & Bridges

Best

1. Tennessee
2. Georgia
3. Idaho
4. Nevada
5. Alabama

Worst

46. Maine
47. South Dakota
48. Pennsylvania
49. West Virginia
50. Rhode Island

In-Depth Look at the States With the Best Taxpayer ROI

New Hampshire

New Hampshire is the state with the best taxpayer return on investment, which is due in large part to the fact that it has no state income tax. Residents only pay property taxes, sales taxes and excise taxes to the state. The Granite State’s tax resources have had a good impact on crime prevention and the environment, as the state has the second-lowest crime rate and the second-lowest air pollution in the country. It has one of the best public school systems as well.

Aside from those areas, the quality of the rest of New Hampshire’s government services doesn’t stand out much. However, New Hampshire residents are still doing very well for themselves, considering they’re paying out less money in taxes, and the state has some of the lowest unemployment and poverty rates in the country.

Florida

Florida is the state with the second-best taxpayer ROI, largely because it does not charge its residents an income tax. One way its tax dollars are hard at work is on education, as Florida has the fifth-best public universities in the U.S., as well as high-quality primary and secondary education as well, with a high-school graduation rate above 90%.

Florida’s infrastructure is pretty decent as well, with the eighth-best bridge quality and 15th-best road quality in the country. When it comes to most other services, Florida is toward the middle of the pack, but the lack of income taxes makes up for it. Florida has one of the lowest unemployment rates, too, and it has a high life expectancy at birth despite its hospitals not ranking particularly well.

South Dakota

South Dakota has the third-best taxpayer ROI, and like the other top states, it does not charge its residents any income tax. The state also stands out when it comes to certain government services. For example, it has the fifth-highest spending on parks and recreation per capita, and the fifth-highest highway spending per driver. This highway spending has helped the state have the lowest average commute time in the country.

South Dakota also does pretty well when it comes to certain aspects of public health. It ranks seventh in the nation for both air quality and residents’ access to fluoridated water.

To top things off, South Dakota has a very low unemployment rate and underemployment rate, which results in more tax revenue as people spend more, and also shows that the state’s services provide a good environment to live in.

Blue States vs. Red States

Detailed Breakdown by State

Overall Gov’t. Services Rank	State	Total Score	Education Rank	Health Rank	Safety Rank	Economy Rank	Infrastructure & Pollution Rank
1	Minnesota	71.49	11	1	14	3	5
2	Virginia	69.32	5	21	13	2	8
3	Utah	68.88	19	8	11	1	12
4	North Dakota	67.77	24	3	20	27	1
5	Iowa	67.36	13	2	12	17	11
6	New Hampshire	67.18	21	9	1	7	37
7	Vermont	66.63	9	16	9	33	4
8	Connecticut	65.96	2	26	4	32	24
9	Massachusetts	64.87	10	5	7	14	45
10	Wisconsin	64.70	1	18	10	20	47
11	Maryland	64.47	3	12	25	6	32
12	Wyoming	64.36	27	40	6	9	2
13	Nebraska	64.16	17	14	16	12	6
14	Rhode Island	63.88	16	4	3	41	44
15	Maine	61.40	25	11	2	49	25
16	Indiana	61.40	8	25	19	28	16
17	Delaware	60.65	7	31	31	21	7
18	New Jersey	60.30	6	20	5	18	50
19	South Dakota	59.85	32	15	30	8	3
20	Pennsylvania	59.60	22	19	15	26	31
21	Illinois	58.87	15	28	22	15	23
22	Idaho	58.52	44	13	8	19	20
23	Florida	58.03	4	38	24	30	39
24	Kentucky	56.42	29	30	17	39	9
25	Ohio	55.98	35	33	21	10	17
26	Washington	55.56	12	23	35	25	27
27	Michigan	54.56	28	22	32	23	28
28	Hawaii	54.55	41	7	18	44	33
29	Kansas	53.98	40	10	33	22	22
30	New York	53.40	14	35	27	35	40
31	North Carolina	52.77	20	46	34	29	14
32	Montana	52.22	31	17	37	36	13
33	Georgia	52.07	36	44	28	5	21
34	Colorado	51.43	43	6	45	4	26
35	Missouri	50.00	26	27	41	16	46
36	Texas	48.65	37	37	39	11	35
37	California	47.83	18	29	43	46	41
38	Alabama	47.74	45	48	29	13	29
39	Tennessee	47.46	23	41	47	24	18
40	Oregon	46.91	39	24	38	42	38
41	Arizona	46.43	42	32	36	31	48
42	Nevada	45.82	30	34	40	50	36
43	Oklahoma	45.45	38	42	42	38	19
44	South Carolina	44.52	34	45	46	34	15
45	Arkansas	43.62	33	39	48	40	10
46	West Virginia	43.35	47	49	23	47	43
47	Mississippi	42.43	48	47	26	37	49
48	Alaska	39.38	46	50	44	48	30
49	New Mexico	36.68	50	36	50	43	34
50	Louisiana	35.25	49	43	49	45	42

Note: With the exception of “Total Score,” all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that state, where a rank of 1 represents the best conditions for that metric category.

Ask the Experts

For more insight into how taxpayer funds are turned into government services as well as how taxpayers can measure the efficiency with which their money is used, we turned to a panel of economics and public-policy experts. You can check out their bios and responses to the following questions below.

Do states with high tax burdens provide better government services?
How can state and local governments use tax revenue more efficiently?
How can everyday citizens assess the ROI of their local tax dollars?
What's the most common way local governments waste taxpayer dollars?
What are the most efficient ways for local governments to mitigate the fiscal impact of inflation?

Ask the Experts

Susan Pace Hamill
Professor of Law and Honors Professor – University of Alabama School of Law
Read More

Heejung Park
Ph.D. – Assistant Professor of Marketing, College of Business – Northern Michigan University
Read More

Matt Levendusky
Professor, Department of Political Science, Stephen & Mary Baran Chair in the Institutions of Democracy, Annenberg Public Policy Center – University of Pennsylvania
Read More

Methodology

In order to determine which states yield the best and worst return on investment (ROI) for taxpayers, WalletHub compared the quality of government services received by residents to the total state and local taxes they pay in each of the 50 states.

First, we analyzed each state across five key government-service categories: 1) Education, 2) Health, 3) Safety, 4) Economy and 5) Infrastructure & Pollution. The categories were further broken down into 29 relevant metrics, which are listed below with their corresponding weights. Each metric was graded on a 100-point scale, with a score of 100 representing the best quality of government service.

We then determined each state’s weighted average across all 29 metrics to calculate its “Overall Government Services Score.”

Finally, we constructed the Taxpayer ROI ranking by comparing each state’s “Overall Government Services Score” to its “Total Taxes Paid per Capita.” “Per Capita” includes the population aged 18 and older.

Education – Total Points: 20

Quality of Public University System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “.”
Quality of School System: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “” ranking.
Public High-School Graduation Rate: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Projected Public High School Graduation Rate Increase Between 2022-2023 and 2033-2034: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Share of Idle Youth: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Note: This metric refers to people ages 18-24 not attending school, not working, and with no degree beyond high school.
States with School Programs: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
Note: This binary metric measures the presence or absence of school programs.
Programs include education savings accounts, school vouchers or tax-credit scholarship programs.
Presence of Free Community College Education: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)
State Pre-K Funding per Preschool- Enrolled Children: Half Weight (~1.43 Points)

Health – Total Points: 20

Hospital Beds per 1,000 Residents: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Quality of Public Hospitals: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
Note: Based on data from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
Average Life Expectancy at Birth (in years): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Infant-Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Average Health-Insurance Premium: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Quality of Health Care: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
Note: Based on data from WalletHub’s “” ranking.

Safety – Total Points: 20

Violent-Crime Rate per Capita: Double Weight (~10.00 Points)
Property-Crime Rate per Capita: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)
Fatalities per 100 Million Vehicle Miles Traveled: Full Weight (~5.00 Points)

Economy – Total Points: 20

Median Annual Household Income: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Note: Adjusted for cost of living.
Annual Job-Growth Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
Note: Adjusted for population growth.
Share of Residents Living in Poverty: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)
Unemployment Rate: Double Weight (~5.71 Points)
Underemployment Rate: Full Weight (~2.86 Points)

Infrastructure & Pollution – Total Points: 20

Quality of Roads & Bridges: Double Weight (~5.00 Points)
Average Commute Time (in minutes): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Parks & Recreation Expenses per Capita: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
State Highway Spending per Driver: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Water Quality: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Share of Population Who Receive Fluoridated Water Through CWSs (Community Water Systems): Full Weight (~2.50 Points)
Air Pollution: Full Weight (~2.50 Points)

Sources: Data used to create this ranking were collected as of March 10, 2024 from the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, The Annie E. Casey Foundation, Campaign for Free College Tuition, National Institute for Early Education Research, Kaiser Family Foundation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, County Health Rankings, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Federal Highway Administration, United Health Foundation, Council for Community and Economic Research, Road Information Program, Federal Bureau of Investigation, EdChoice, Health Resources and Services Administration, and WalletHub research.

States with the Best & Worst Taxpayer ROI (2024)

Main Findings

State and Local Taxes Paid vs. Spending Received by State

In-Depth Look at the States With the Best Taxpayer ROI

New Hampshire

Florida

South Dakota

Blue States vs. Red States

Detailed Breakdown by State

Ask the Experts

Ask the Experts

Methodology

Education – Total Points: 20

Health – Total Points: 20

Safety – Total Points: 20

Economy – Total Points: 20

Infrastructure & Pollution – Total Points: 20

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